1 Tawarikh 1:32

Keturah’s Descendants

1:32 The sons to whom Keturah, Abraham’s concubine, ¹  gave birth:

Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, Shuah.

The sons of Jokshan:

Sheba and Dedan.

1 Tawarikh 2:3-4

Judah’s Descendants

2:3 The sons of Judah:

Er, Onan, and Shelah. These three were born to him by Bathshua, ²  a Canaanite woman. Er, Judah’s firstborn, displeased the Lord, so the Lord killed him. ³ 

2:4 Tamar, Judah’s ⁴  daughter-in-law, bore to him Perez and Zerah. Judah had five sons in all.

1 Tawarikh 2:18-20

Caleb’s Descendants

2:18 Caleb son of Hezron fathered sons by his wife Azubah (also known as Jerioth). ⁵  Her sons were Jesher, Shobab, and Ardon. 2:19 When Azubah died, Caleb married ⁶  Ephrath, who bore him Hur. 2:20 Hur was the father of Uri, and Uri was the father of Bezalel.

1 Tawarikh 2:24

2:24 After Hezron’s death, Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrath, his father Hezron’s widow, and she bore to him Ashhur the father of Tekoa. ⁷ 

1 Tawarikh 2:26

2:26 Jerahmeel had another wife named Atarah; she was Onam’s mother.

1 Tawarikh 2:46

2:46 Caleb’s concubine ⁸  Ephah bore Haran, Moza, and Gazez. Haran was the father of Gazez.

1 Tawarikh 3:1-9

David’s Descendants

3:1 These were the sons of David who were born to him in Hebron:

The firstborn was Amnon, whose mother was Ahinoam from Jezreel;

the second was Daniel, whose mother was Abigail from Carmel;

3:2 the third was Absalom whose mother was Maacah, daughter of King Talmai of Geshur;

the fourth was Adonijah, whose mother was Haggith;

3:3 the fifth was Shephatiah, whose mother was Abital;

the sixth was Ithream, whose mother was Eglah.

3:4 These six were born to David ⁹  in Hebron, where he ruled for seven years and six months.

He ruled thirty-three years in Jerusalem. ¹⁰  3:5 These were the sons born to him in Jerusalem:

Shimea, ¹¹  Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon – the mother of these four was Bathsheba ¹²  the daughter of Ammiel. ¹³ 

3:6 The other nine were Ibhar, Elishua, ¹⁴  Elpelet, ¹⁵  3:7 Nogah, Nepheg, Japhia, 3:8 Elishama, Eliada, and Eliphelet.

3:9 These were all the sons of David, not counting the sons of his concubines. ¹⁶  Tamar was their sister.

[1:32]  ¹ sn A concubine was a slave woman in ancient Near Eastern societies who was the legal property of her master, but who could have legitimate sexual relations with her master. A concubine’s status was more elevated than a mere servant, but she was not free and did not have the legal rights of a free wife. The children of a concubine could, in some instances, become equal heirs with the children of the free wife. After the period of the Judges concubines may have become more of a royal prerogative (2 Sam 21:10-14; 1 Kgs 11:3).

[2:3]  ² tn The name means “daughter of Shua.” Shua is identified in Gen 38:2 as a “Canaanite man.”

[2:3]  ³ tn Heb “was evil in the eyes of the Lord, so he [i.e., the Lord] killed him [i.e., Er].”

[2:4]  ⁴ tn Heb “his”; the referent (Judah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[2:18]  ⁵ tn Heb “and Caleb son of Hezron fathered [children] with Azubah, a wife, and with Jerioth.” Jerioth could be viewed as a second wife (so NLT; cf. also NASB, NIV, NRSV), but the following context mentions only “her [presumably Azubah’s] sons.” Another option, the one chosen in the translation, is that Jerioth is another name for Azubah.

[2:19]  ⁶ tn Heb “took for himself.”

[2:24]  ⁷ tn Heb “And after the death of Hezron in Caleb Ephrathah, and the wife of Hezron, Abijah, and she bore to him Ashhur the father of Tekoa.” Perhaps one could translate: “After Hezron died in Caleb Ephrathah, Abijah, Hezron’s wife, bore to him Ashhur, the father of Tekoa” (cf. NASB, NIV, NRSV). In this case the text suggests that Abijah was born after his father’s death. Because of the awkward syntax and the odd appearance of “Caleb Ephrathah” as a place name, some prefer to emend the text. Some alter בְּכָלֵב אֶפְרָתָה (bÿkhalev ’efratah, “in Caleb Ephrathah”) to בָּא כָלֵב אֶפְרָתָה (bo’ khalev ’efratah, “Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrath”) and then change אֲבִיָּה (’aviyyah, “Abijah”) to אָבִיהוּ (’avihu, “his father”). This results in the following translation: “And after Hezron’s death, Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrath, his father Hezron’s wife, and she bore to him Ashhur the father of Tekoa” (cf. NAB). This would mean that Caleb’s second wife Ephrath had actually been his late father’s wife (probably Caleb’s stepmother). Perhaps the text was subsequently altered because Caleb’s actions appeared improper in light of the injunctions in Lev 18:8; 20:11; Deut 22:30; 27:20 (which probably refer, however, to a son having sexual relations with his stepmother while his father is still alive).

[2:46]  ⁸ sn See the note on the word “concubine” in 1:32.

[3:4]  ⁹ tn Heb “him”; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[3:4]  ¹⁰ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[3:5]  ¹¹ tn “Shimea” (שִׁמְעָא, shim’a’) is a variant spelling of “Shammua” (שַׁמּוּעַ, shammua’; see 2 Sam 5:14). Some English versions use the spelling “Shammua” here (e.g., NIV, NCV).

[3:5]  ¹² tn Most Hebrew mss read “Bathshua” here, but 2 Sam 12:24 makes it clear Bathsheba was Solomon’s mother. “Bathsheba” is read by one Hebrew ms and the Vulgate. Many English translations (e.g., NAB, NIV, NLT) render the name “Bathsheba” to avoid confusion.

[3:5]  ¹³ tn In 2 Sam 11:3 Bathsheba is called “the daughter of Eliam,” while here her father’s name is given as “Ammiel.”

[3:6]  ¹⁴ tn All but two Hebrew mss read “Elishama” here, but 1 Chr 14:5 lists the name as “Elishua,” and is followed by a number of English versions here (e.g., NAB, NIV, NCV, TEV, CEV, NLT). Another son named “Elishama” is listed in 3:8.

[3:6]  ¹⁵ tn The MT reads “Eliphelet” here, but 1 Chr 14:5 lists the name as “Elpelet” and is followed by some English versions here (e.g., TEV, NLT). Another son named “Eliphelet” is listed in 3:8.

[3:9]  ¹⁶ sn See the note on the word “concubine” in 1:32.